测试
表1:table2id No
1 n12 n23 n3表2:table2No name
n1 aaan2 bbbn3 ccc首先创建下面的两个表
CREATE TABLE `t2` ( `no` varchar(11) NOT NULL, `name` varchar(11) NOT NULL) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
CREATE TABLE `t1` ( `id` tinyint(4) NOT NULL, `no` varchar(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
mysql> select * from t1;+----+----+| id | no |+----+----+| 1 | n1 || 2 | n2 || 3 | n3 || 4 | n4 |+----+----+4 rows in setmysql> select * from t2;+----+------+| no | name |+----+------+| n1 | aaa || n2 | bbb || n3 | ccc |+----+------+3 rows in setmysql>
现在我们来对上面的数据进行操作;
1、测试场景一 t1表左连接t2表 右连接 inner 连接t2表
mysql> select * from t1 join t2 on t1.no = t2.no;+----+----+----+------+| id | no | no | name |+----+----+----+------+| 1 | n1 | n1 | aaa || 2 | n2 | n2 | bbb || 3 | n3 | n3 | ccc |+----+----+----+------+3 rows in setmysql> select * from t1 left join t2 on t1.no = t2.no;+----+----+------+------+| id | no | no | name |+----+----+------+------+| 1 | n1 | n1 | aaa || 2 | n2 | n2 | bbb || 3 | n3 | n3 | ccc || 4 | n4 | NULL | NULL |+----+----+------+------+4 rows in setmysql> select * from t1 right join t2 on t1.no = t2.no;+----+----+----+------+| id | no | no | name |+----+----+----+------+| 1 | n1 | n1 | aaa || 2 | n2 | n2 | bbb || 3 | n3 | n3 | ccc |+----+----+----+------+3 rows in setmysql>
测试场景2:在left join 中 使用on 和where 给t2表添加限制条件,二者的区别为
mysql> select * from t1 left join t2 on t1.no = t2.no and t2.name = 'aaa';+----+----+------+------+| id | no | no | name |+----+----+------+------+| 1 | n1 | n1 | aaa || 2 | n2 | NULL | NULL || 3 | n3 | NULL | NULL || 4 | n4 | NULL | NULL |+----+----+------+------+4 rows in set
mysql> select * from t1 left join t2 on t1.no = t2.no where t2.name = 'aaa';+----+----+----+------+| id | no | no | name |+----+----+----+------+| 1 | n1 | n1 | aaa |+----+----+----+------+1 row in set
从测试2我们可以看出:
结论:
首先明确两个概念:
LEFT JOIN 关键字会从左表 (table_name1) 那里返回所有的行,即使在右表 (table_name2) 中没有匹配的行。
数据库在通过连接两张或多张表来返回记录时,都会生成一张中间的临时表,然后再将这张临时表返回给用户。在left join下,两者的区别:on是在生成临时表的时候使用的条件,不管on的条件是否起到作用,都会返回左表 (table_name1) 的行。
where则是在生成临时表之后使用的条件,此时已经不管是否使用了left join了,只要条件不为真的行,全部过滤掉。
如果使用inner join 二者查询的结果是一致的,这里要注意
mysql> select * from t1 join t2 on t1.no = t2.no where t2.name = 'aaa';+----+----+----+------+| id | no | no | name |+----+----+----+------+| 1 | n1 | n1 | aaa |+----+----+----+------+1 row in setmysql> select * from t1 join t2 on t1.no = t2.no and t2.name = 'aaa';+----+----+----+------+| id | no | no | name |+----+----+----+------+| 1 | n1 | n1 | aaa |+----+----+----+------+1 row in set
user表:
id | name
---------1 | libk2 | zyfon3 | daodaouser_action表:
user_id | action
---------------1 | jump1 | kick1 | jump2 | run4 | swimsql:
select id, name, action from user as uleft join user_action a on u.id = a.user_idresult:
id | name | action--------------------------------1 | libk | jump ①1 | libk | kick ②1 | libk | jump ③2 | zyfon | run ④3 | daodao | null ⑤分析:
注意到user_action中还有一个user_id=4, action=swim的纪录,但是没有在结果中出现,而user表中的id=3, name=daodao的用户在user_action中没有相应的纪录,但是却出现在了结果集中因为现在是left join,所有的工作以left为准.结果1,2,3,4都是既在左表又在右表的纪录,5是只在左表,不在右表的纪录 结论:我们可以想象left join 是这样工作的从左表读出一条,选出所有与on匹配的右表纪录(n条)进行连接,形成n条纪录(包括重复的行,如:结果1和结果3),如果右边没有与on条件匹配的表,那连接的字段都是null.然后继续读下一条。引申:
我们可以用右表没有on匹配则显示null的规律, 来找出所有在左表,不在右表的纪录, 注意用来判断的那列必须声明为not null的。如:sql:select id, name, action from user as uleft join user_action a on u.id = a.user_idwhere a.user_id is NULL(注意:1.列值为null应该用is null 而不能用=NULL2.这里a.user_id 列必须声明为 NOT NULL 的)result:id | name | action--------------------------3 | daodao | NULL
总结:on 是表的连接条件,where是在表形成之后对表的过滤条件